Government Keypoints

This aims at discussing the topics vital in the subject government in terms of government Keypoints. 

• Government is a machinery through which the will of the state is formulated and attained. As an art, it is a body vested with the power and authority for maintaining security, peace, and stability by making and enforcing laws of the state. As an academic field, it is the study of agencies, political institutions and dynamics of the state. Its attributes are law, revenue, public supports, welfare services, political power. It performs the functions of law making, defence, administration of justice, maintaining internal and external relationships, economic and political responsibilities.

 

• IMPORTANCE OR WHY WE STUDY GOVERNMENT
• STATE AND THE CHARACTERISTICS OF STATE
• Power is the ability to control the actions of others through the possession of means of sanctions.  The types or forms of power are political, military, economic and physical power. It can be acquired through charismatic acts, coercion, political authority, inheritance or constitution.
• Authority is the power or right to give orders and enforce obedience. It therefore gives one the right to command others to obey as a duty. The types or forms of authority are political, coercion, charismatic, delegation, technical, traditional, positional, or constitutional. Political authority can be acquired via legal, charismatic, or traditional means.
•  Legitimacy is a situation of being lawful or the general acceptance of the political system as the most appropriate and being in line with the laws of the land. There are some factors that affect legitimacy such as existence of good governance, popular support by the citizens, foreign diplomacy adopted by the government, political participation (pressure groups, political parties, etc)
• Sovereignty is the absolute power of the state to exercise supreme legal authority over its own affairs within its territory without any form of external control. The types or forms of sovereignty are legal, political, internal, external, de facto, de jure. The features of sovereignty are absoluteness, indivisibility, inalienability, comprehensiveness, permanence, absence of foreign control. Sovereignty suffer the following limitations; external help, coup d’etat, international laws, influence of pressure groups, customs and traditions, supremacy of the constitution, membership of international organisations, influence of powerful nations
• Political culture is the attitudes, sentiments, beliefs, ideas and norms that guide the behaviour of the people in a political system. Its components or features are cognitive orientation (people’s knowledge about the political system), affective orientation (people’s feelings towards the political system), evaluative orientation (people’s level of assessment of the political system).
• Political Socialization is a process in which the citizens are educated on the values, attitudes and beliefs of the political system. There are agents of political socialization which are the family, the school, the peer group, political parties, the mass media, religious group, pressure groups.
• Democracy is a system of government in which all qualified adult citizens share the supreme power directly or through their elected representatives. It is also defined as government of the people, by the people and for the people. Types of democracy are direct democracy (where all citizens are able to participate) indirect democracy which is also called representative democracy (through election, representatives are chosen). The functions of democracy are periodic elections, majority vole rules the country, the press has freedom, existence of separation of power, free and fair election, equality before the law, party system, independence of the judiciary, maintenance of the rule of law, reliable fundamental human rights, opposition government, no intimidation of the voters during election, etc.
• Oligarchy is the system of government where power of governance is with few privileged people.  It comes in form of aristocracy, plutocracy, theocracy or even military rule.
• Communism is an economic system where the means of production and distribution is totally controlled by government. It is characterized with classless society, the use of force, one party dominance, authoritarian rule, forceful acquisition of private properties, central planned economy, attainment of communism is mostly via revolution.
• Totalitarianism is a form of government where one supreme authority controls everything with no form of opposition. It is characterized by absence of opposition, one party dominance, limitation of the press, use of force, absence of rule of law, existence of single ideology and philosophy, suppression of initiatives, censorship of information.

 

• Fascism is an aggressive control through an anti-communist dictatorship. It is characterized by anti-communist movement, aggressive nationalism, avoidance of capitalism and socialism, motivation for war, absence of rule of law, absence of democracy, absence of popular view, absence of religious principles, total control of industrial activities.
• Feudalism is a system of government based on hierarchical order of ownership of land. Its features are leadership based on land ownership, lands are very vital, bond between landlord and serfs, existence of fief, feudal duties are performed in order to have access to land benefits.
• Communalism is a system of collective ownership among members of a community. Its features are collective ownership, strong co-operation, existence of communal societies, absence of private land ownership, absence of individual ambitions, high degree of cohesion, presence of common cultural belief, etc.
• Unitarianism is a system of government where the power is concentrated in the hand of a single authority or central government. It has its features as centralized power, use of unitary constitution, central interference into regional affairs, lack of constitutional division of power, the constitution is not supreme, presence of power delegation, lack of local legislative assemblies, parliamentary supremacy, etc. The reasons for Unitarianism are lack of tribal differences, political expediency, lack of minority groups, no fear of dominance, single language and culture, no economic inequality. Unitarianism has the following merits; stable government, low cost of management, quick decision making, unity persists, simplicity in operation, less bureaucratic, lack of human and material resources, no double loyalty. Unitarianism has the following demerits; encouragement of dictatorship, lack of local initiatives, it does not suit large territories, it does not encourage expansion, it keeps the government away from the people, it may lead to the central government bearing huge burdens.
• Federalism is a government system that shares power between all arms of the government and each arm is legally and constitutionally independent and autonomous. The features of federalism are rigidity of constitution, supremacy of constitution, bicameral legislature, constitutional repudiation of secession, regions possess residual power, central government is supreme, existence of written constitution, power comes according to constitution, matters in exclusive lists are reserved to the central government. The reasons for federalism are tribal difference, size of the country, absence of marked inequalities, possible expansion of the markets, fear of dominance, desire for union, protection of the interest of minority groups. The merit of federalism are rapid development, enjoyment of economies of scale, greater political strength, more employment opportunity, lack of emergency of dictator, existence of checks and balances, guaranteed human rights, the local dwellers are cared for, room for experimentation, greater participation of the people in government, etc. The demerits of federalism are inter-state friction, fear of dominance, unhealthy rivalry, enthronement of mediocrity, causes dual loyalty, disparity in the level of development, too expensive to manage, problem of wealth sharing, it also create a weak centre.
• Confederation is a political arrangement in which autonomous or sovereign states or republics come together to form a union in which almost the major functions of government are reserved exclusively for the component states with a weak centre. Its features are autonomous states, power is with component states, weak centre, constitution empowers the component states, right to secede, less politically stable, flexible constitution, and citizens have to obey only one government. The merit of confederation are growth encouragement, component states has the ability to make diverse laws, caters for local differences, enjoyment of economies of scale, bridge the gap between strong and weak states, prevents one state riding over another, no fear of dominance. The demerits of confederation are lack of even development, flexible government, power resides in the component states, it doesn’t assure political unity, and component states have their own armed force.
• Presidential system of government is when power of the state is vested on the president as the executive and legislature are separate arms. The presidential system is characterized with the rule of law, supremacy of the constitution, judicial review and interpretation, limited term of rule, checks and balances, executive power is performed by the president, president and his ministers are not members of the parliament. The merits are checks and balances, fixed tenure of office, separation of power, void of dictatorship, independence of the president, absence of collective responsibility, political stability, democracy, absence of conflict, effective executive arm, absence of official opposition party. The demerits are arbitrary dismissal by the president, long impeachment process, corruption, absence of official opposition, too expensive to manage, frequent frictions occur between executive and legislature.
• Duties and Responsibilities of the President
• Parliamentary system of government where the Head of State is different from Head of Government executive and legislature are somewhat similar. Characteristics are lack of strict separation of power, prime minister and cabinet ministers are members of legislature, prime minister is the head of government while president or queen is the head of state, executive arm gets authority from legislature, prime minister and cabinet minister are chosen from the legislative arm. Advantages of cabinet system of government are cooperation, discipline, stable government, efficiency of the executive, reduction of dictatorial tendencies, absence of frequent friction, collective responsibility and there is free flow of information. Disadvantages are frequent changes in government and policies, treat of coalition government, encouragement of arbitrary dismissal, no personal accountability, less democratic, and the fusion of powers does not encourage specialization.

 

• Duties and Responsibilities of the Prime Minister
• Collective Responsibilitymeans that all members of the cabinet are collectively accountable or responsible for all decisions and actions taken by the cabinet.
• Monarchy is a form of government under the rule of a king, queen or emperor known as the monarch. There is an absolute monarchy which possesses unlimited powers and does not derive power from the constitution and rules by divine rights. The other form is constitutional monarchy where the power is limited to the constitutional provisions.
• Republican is that which the Head of State is elected by the people of the state. The features are the Head of State known as the president is elected, rule of law, political and legal equality, officials perform government functions, politically independent, popular sovereignty, and the republican constitution is entirely home-made.

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Redemption Road by Elma Shaw (Chapter 15 Summary)

Introduction 

This post is driven by the willingness to summarize the chapter 15 of the novel titled "Redemption Road by Elma Shaw" hopefully to be beneficial to those seeking information regarding the work of art. 

Chapter 15 Summary 

"Moses Varney watched Calvin drive away from Bendu's house".

In the chapter 15 of the Novel "Redemption Road by Elma Shaw", Moses Varney (formally Commander Cobra) plotted a plan to kidnap Bendu Lewis.

By 8:05pm, he was already lurking around in the dark, in company of Weah. He instructed Weah to act as a taxi driver in order to enable smooth kidnap of Bendu Lewis. 

They drove her away to the beach after blindfolding her.

"Not too long after the hill slide out, they made a left turn and drove distance for a little over half the mile before they turned towards the beach and parked, facing the ocean. The moon lit up the black water and strong little waves Pounded on to the shore. The tide was in, so the water came up almost all the way to the road that ran along the beach".

Conclusion 

The chapter 15 is about Bendu Lewis kidnap. If you want to add your opinion, kindly use the comment box below. Do share this post to all social media platforms via the social media share button on this blog.

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An Inspector Calls by J B Priestley (Act 1 Summary)

Introduction

Let's do the summary of the act one of the drama book "An Inspector Calls by B. J. Priestley". This summary will be useful to the fans of literature, the teachers, the students and WAEC, NECO, UTME candidates.

Actually, the drama book shares resemblance with a certain movie titled "Nine Dead" which was released in 2009.

Act 1:

The celebration of Sheila Birling's engagement to Gerald Croft in Mr and Mrs Birling's living room. At the dinner table Mr Authur Birling, Mrs Sybil Birling, Sheila Birling, Eric Birling and Gerald Croft ate the delicious meal prepared by Edna (the maid)_ they wined and dined; Gerald Croft presented Sheila a very gorgeous engagement ring and the whole table toast to the love birds' engagement. 

After Sybil and Sheila left the room, Mr Authur Birling advised Eric and Gerald to be optimistic about the future rather than worry that war might soon break out. He also told them to mind their business and put themselves first in everything they do in life.

A knock on the door, Inspector Goole was welcome to the house by Edna. The police inspector was investigating the suicidal death of a young who died that day at the Infirmary after swallowing some disinfectant.

Inspector Goole showed Mr. Authur Birling a picture while preventing Eric and Gerald from seeing the picture he showed him. Mr Authur Birling recognized the lady as Eva Smith; a hard-working lady who was sacked at Birling and Company in 1910 (two years ago) after she was one of those who stirred a strike after Mr Authur Birling refused to give them a pay raise.

According to the drama book "An Inspector Calls by J. B. Priestley", Mr Authur Birling contributed to Eva Smith's death by:

"INSPECTOR: Yes, she was out of work for the next two months. Both her parents were dead, so that she'd no home to go back to. And she hadn't been able to save much out of what Birling and Company had paid her. So that after two months, with no work, no money coming in, and living in lodgings, with no relatives to help her, few friends, lonely, half-stanced, she was feeling desperate."

The inspector also noted that all others would be interrogated. When Sheila entered the living room, she inquired what was going on. Goole showed her a picture while preventing others to see who was in the picture, she was bittered because she knew who was in the picture.

Inspector told her how she contributed to the death of Eva Smith because she made the management of Milwards Shop sacked her as a shop attendant for laughing at her:

"INSPECTOR: And so you used the power you had, as a daughter of a good customer and also of a man well known in the town, to punish the girl just because she made you feel like that?"

Inspector Goole further revealed that after Eva Smith was sacked at Milwards Shop, she changed her name to Daisy Renton; Gerald was very shocked and his emotions changed because she recognized a certain lady he referred to as Lady "D".

Names that appeared in Act 1 are Authur Birling, Sybil Birling, Sheila Birling, Eric Birling, Gerald Croft, George Croft, Inspector Goole, Edna, Eva Smith, Daisy Renton, Bernard Shaw, H. G. Wellses, Colonel Roberts (chief constable).

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Brief Overview of the WASSCE 2026-2030 Literature-In-English Texts

 Introduction 

This post aims at a brief overview of 2026 - 2030 WAEC, NECO, UTME Recommended Literature in English Texts; by reveal quite briefly the genres, types, contexts and themes, etc. 

It must be noted that a click can take you to the Comprehensive 15000 Words of Analyzed 2026 - 2030 Literature in English available online. 

This post will be useful to teachers, parents, students or online people searching for 2026 - 2030 literature in english syllabus, Waec 2026 - 2030 literature in english syllabus, 2026 new scheme of work – literature-in-english sss classes, WASSCE Literature syllabus pdf, Recommended Literature text for SS1 PDF free, etc. 

The Brief Overview

Antony and Cleopatra by William Shakespeare is recommended in the 2026 - 2030 O-level Literature-In-English syllabus to be part of the excerpt literary appreciation within the objective questions (Paper 1). 

"Antony and Cleopatra" is a tragic drama about the relationship between Mark Antony (a Roman general) and Cleopatra (the Queen of Egypt) against a backdrop of politics and power struggles with the theme of detrayal, clash of culture, etc.

So the Path Does Not Die by Pede Hollist is a fictive prose to be categorized under bildunroman because it narrated the growth of a certain main character named Finaba Marah while pointing at some vital subjects such as cultural clash, gender relevance, female circumcision, etc. 

Redemption Road by Elma Shaw is under the Africa Prose section of the syllabus. The prose is about the recovery process gone through by Liberians to escape the post war traumatic experience they found themselves. 

To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee is a Pulitzer Prize-winning novel that explores issues of racial injustice, tolerance, and the loss of innocence in a small Alabama town during the 1930s. The story is told through the eyes of Scout Finch, whose father, Atticus, defended a wrongly accused Black man in a deeply prejudiced community.

[READ ALSO 50 Vital Points About To Kill A Mockingbird by Harper Lee]

Pact of Lucas: the Journey he Endured by Susanne Bellefeuille is a non-fictive biographical narration of a family trauma, trials and tribulations. 

Once Upon an Elephant by Bosede Ademilua is placed under the African Drama section of the syllabus. It is a tragic drama about greed and hunger for power. 

[ READ: Analysis of Once Upon an Elephant by Bosede Ademilua ]

The Marriage of Anansewa by Efua Sutherland is a play by Efua Sutherland that draws on Ghanaian folklore and the trickster character Ananse.The play exposed the themes of love, tradition, and social commentary within a Ghanaian cultural context.

An Inspector Calls by J.B. Priestley is a play that critiques social responsibility and class distinctions in a post-World War II British setting. The story revolves around the Birling family, whose secrets are revealed by a mysterious inspector, leading to a deeper exploration of morality and accountability.

A Man for All Seasons by Robert Bolt is a play about Sir Thomas More, who opposes King Henry VIII's separation from the Catholic Church. The play explores themes of integrity, loyalty, and the conflict between personal conscience and political power.

Once Upon a Time by Gabriel Okara is a poem sectioned under the African poetry in the WAEC syllabus. It used the instrument of juxtaposition to reflect on the complexities of identity, nostalgia, and the beauty of innocence or naivety. 

The poem's themes are authenticity and the search for one's true self amidst cultural shifts.

New Tongue by Elizabeth L.A. Kamara is about the abandonment of the true African culture and ways of life for modern western civilization.

[ READ: Analysis of New Tongue by Elizabeth Kamara ] 

Night by Wole Soyinka is one of the recommended 2026 WASSCE Literature-in-English syllabus. It's under the genre of poetry which could be categorized under nature and ode. 

"Night" could be referred to as a poetic work of art reflecting on the superiority of night time over human existence and its fearful effects on the poem's speaker.

Not My Business by Niyi Osundare is a poem that critiques societal indifference to injustice and oppression.The poem emphasizes the importance of taking a stand against injustices affecting others.

[READ: Analysis of Not My Business by Niyi Osundare ].

Hearty Garlands by Soh Afriye-Vidza is a poem that celebrates old age and what lies ahead. The poet used the 85th birthday as the yardstick to embodied all that had happened in terms of toils, achievement, health, etc 

A Breast of the Sea by Syl Cheney Coker is Poem that employed the use of allusion to speak about experience of slavery and sea pollution as a result of such occurrence. 

She Walks in Beauty by Lord Byron is recommended by the O-level examination board as one of the Non African poetry to by studied by candidates. 

"She Walks in Beauty" is a poem by Lord Byron that describes a woman's beauty in a serene and admiring tone by exploring the themes such as beauty, contrast.

[READ: Analysis of She Walks in Beauty by Lord Byron ].

 

The Nun's Priest's Tale by Geoffrey Chaucer is one of the Canterbury Tales in the 1390s. It's an epic poem based on the lengthy number of over 600 lines written in form of fable to teach a moral lesson urging the reader to be careful of flattery. 

Digging by Seamus Heaney is a poem about how a sudden feeling of reminiscing struck the poet to recollect his family legacy of farming which he didn't follow. 

It explored the themes of identity, heritage, and the connection to land through the act of digging.

Still I Rise by Maya Angelou is one of the Non African poetry recommended by WAEC. It focuses on triumphant and resilience admist oppression. 

The voice of the poem exhorts his or her ability to rise above adversity, embodying themes of strength and empowerment.

The Telephone Call by Fleur Adcock; this poem is a 6 stanza dramatic monologue. It examined the matters relating to the emotional feeling attached with receiving news of a sudden fortune. 

The Stone by Wilfrid Wilson Gibson is 89 lines narrative poem about a lady who died few days after the death of her lover due to the emotional pain and shock she suffered for receiving the quary work accident that happened to her lover. 

Conclusion

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ELEMENTS OF LITERATURE IN ENGLISH

Hi, I want to use this medium to examine vital elements of literature in English.

The following elements of literature in English goes a long way in students laying a solid foundation towards their knowledge of the subject.

1. Litotes: the use of negative statement to present positive opinion. Example= God is not imperfect (God is perfect).

2. Synecdoche: using a part to represent a whole or vice versa. Example= two heads are better than one (two people are better than one)

3. Epigram: a short witty saying. Example= more haste, less speed

4.       Rhetorical Question: question that requires not answer. Example= why am I in this mess?

5.       Climax: systematic arrangement of idea or expression in descending order.

6.       Anti-climax: the opposite of climax

7.       Repetition: occurrence of expression more than once.

8.       Theme: main idea in a literary work

9.       Plot: arrangement of events or actions (either linear or non-linear)

10.   Tone: attitude of the writer towards the work of art

11.   Mood: attitude of the reader towards the work of art

12.   Flashback: relating the past to present occurrence

13.   Dilemma: to be confronted with situation to make choice.

14.   Setting: when and when action or event take place

15.   Didactic: literary work that teaches lesson

16.   Monologue: speech by a single person

17.   Soliloquy: thought expressed aloud

18.   Aside: speech addressed to self or audience

19.   Allusion: partial reference to character, history, mythology or work of art

20.   Satire: work positioned to ridicule some vices

21.   Melodrama: drama with high emotional effect

22.   Mime: actions without words

23.   Fable: short story told to teach moral lesson

24.   Parable: a story involving human being which teaching moral or religious lesson.

25.   Invective: direct abusive, vituperative, denunciatory attack

26.   In Media Res: starting a story at the middle of crucial action

27.   Epidectic Poetry: verse for either praise or blame

28.   Eulogy: praise poem such as ode, encomium, epithalamium, panegyric, etc

29.   Palilogy: repetition

30.   Caricature: ridicule person by distorting or exaggerating the features

31.   Dues ex Machina: hope of recovery out of trouble

32.   Poetaster: a quack poet

33.   Burlesque: work aimed at provoking laughter in other to ridicule

34.   Carpe Diem: motif in poetry which refers to the view that one should enjoy life to the fullest while one is able

35.   Bard: poet in modern usage

36.   Belles-Lettres: genre of literature different from scientific writing

37.   Catharsis: change of emotion resulting from strong feeling of sorrow, fear, pity, or laughter

38.   Travesty: work aim to arouse laughter by imitation of a serious work

39.   Hamartia: tragic flaw

40.   Lampoon: violent and satirical attack against a person or institution

41.   Genre: form of literature

42.   Hubris: pride of tragic hero

43.   Fantasy: creation of unreal world and people that look like real one

44.   Rhetoric: language of a work and its style

45.   Roman a Clef: novel where characters are real people but disguised

46.   Periphrasis: roundabout expression, verbosity, circumlocution

47.   Poetic licence: the right of poets to distort language, history, geography for the sake of art

48.   Pastoral: work of art written to represent life of shepherd or country life

49.   Idyll: short poem that describes an incident or interesting scene or event

50.   Image: picture in the mind

51.   Imagery: painting picture of the mind

52.   Farce: extremely funny comedy with ridiculous action

53.   Parody: imitation of another work of art

54.   Poetic Justice: term used to convey the idea that evil is punished appropriately and good rewarded

55.   Poetic Diction: usage of language

56.   Poesy: the making of a poem

57.   Tirade: a violent speech, long and denunciatory

58.   Picaresque: novel that tells adventure of a wandering rogue or rascal

59.   Causerie: informal essay or article on literary topics

60.   Cento: term used for collection of bits and pieces from various writers

61.   Catalects: literary works which detached from main body of a writer’s work

62.   Prologue: introductory speech at the beginning of work of art

63.   Epilogue: concluding speech at the end of work of art

64.   Epimythium: summary of moral lesson placed at the end of a fable

65.   Promythium: summary of moral lesson placed at the beginning of a fable

66.   Lake Poet: poets like Wordsworth, Coleridge, Southey

67.   Local Colour: describing details peculiar to certain region or environment in order to add interest and authenticity to a narrative

68.   Logomachy: a dispute or fight about words

69.   Roman Feuilleton: novel published serially in newspaper or journal

70.   Verisimilitude: story that has resemblance to the truth and therefore has the appearance of being true or real even when it is a fantasy

71.   Triplet (Tercet): three stanza poem

72.   Triads: group of three stanzas

73.   Epithalamion: poem about wedding praise

74.   Harangue: a lengthy and aggressive speech

75.   Ballad: short folk poem about heroic deeds that is lyrical

76.   Trochee: a foot consisting of stressed syllable followed by unstressed

77.   Dactyl: a foot consisting of one stress syllable followed by two unstressed

78.   Anapaest: a foot consisting of two unstressed followed by stressed

79.   Spondee: a foot consisting of two stressed followed by stressed

80.   Saga: a work of art about culturally historical narration of lineage

81.   Limerick: witty five line poem with specific end rhyme

82.   Metanoia: retracting of statement made

83.   Allegory: a work of art that used symbolized events or characters

84.   Chiasmus: the use of parallel statement where one is invasion. Example= the first shall be last and the last first

85.   Canto: division of stanzas into multiple groups

86.   Rhythm: the count of meters

87.   Meter: measure of stressed and unstressed syllable

88.   Enjambment: run-on-line

89.   Polysyndecton: the use of many conjunction amidst a statement

90.   Tmesis: insertion of a word between another word. Example= some maybe thing (maybe inserted in something)

91.   Symbolism: representation of idea. Example= Piano and Drums in Gabriel Okara’s poem (symbolises modern and primitive)

92.   Rhyme: sameness of sound between lines

93.   Rhyme Scheme: the sequences in which rhyme occurs at the end of lines in poem.

94.   Quatrain: four successive lines in poetry.

95.   Refrain: any repeated word, phrase or expression

96.   Subject Matter: the basis of a narration or story. It can also be considered as the background story.

97.   Paradox: an absurd statement which is meaning in deeper sense example= money spent is money saved.

98.   Stage Directions: this is the written instruction of the playwright which guide every act and scene

99.   Character: the instrument of the writer or the creator of any work of art

100.            Characterization: the formation or configuration of character

101.            Onomatopoeia: using sound to signify action. Example= the zooming bus

102.            Metonymy: calling something by its related attribute. Example= I haves read all Shakespeare (instead of saying I have read all books written by William Shakespeare).

103.            Irony: saying one thing and meaning another. Example= The thief barked at the dog

104.            Euphemism: replacing harsh or irritating statement with mild and simple one

105.            Dialogue: exchange of idea between two or more character

106.            Action: the activeness or inactiveness of character in literary work_ mostly drama

107.            Hyperbole: the exaggeration of statement or opinion

108.            Suspense: the state of anxiety or expectation in the reader or audience

109.            Conflict: the bone of contention or the cause of disagreement

110.            Cast: a list of selected participants for performance with specific roles to play

111.            Hypophora: the use of response to a rhetorical question.

112.            Apostrophe: this is a rhetorical call which demands no response

113.            Anaphora: this is use of repeated word or phrase at the beginning of a line. Example= God is able. God is abundantly capable. God is the alpha and omega.

114.            Anagram: the rearrangement of words or phrases to form another word or phrase. Example= bad credit forms debit card

115.            Acrostic: the first letter of line in total spells a word. Example= Cuddly, Acrobatic, Tenacious, Softly purring..

116.            Poetic Drama: this’ a play written in verse form. Example= Murder in the Cathedral by T. S. Eliot

117.            Dramatic irony: the reader or audience already knows what one or more characters do not know

118.            Protagonist: also called the hero_ plays the most prominent roles

119.            Antagonist: also called villain_ opposes the protagonist

120.            Anti-hero: very prominent character but lacks the qualities expected of hero

121.            Sarcasm: insincere praise to ridicule someone or something.

122.            Pun (Paranomasia): play on words. Example= the congregation prays while the pastor preys on them.

123.            Peripeteia: the beginning of a character’s downfall

124.            Personification: giving human qualities to inanimate objects. Example= trees groan as they fell

125.            Proscenium Arch: the space between the stage and where the audience sit.

126.            Chorus: this is a group of actors in a drama pronouncing a singular opinion.

127.            Malapropism (Catachresis): the intentional misuse of word for the purpose of creating literary effect.

128.            Deunuement: the point of solution in a drama after so much conflict.

129.            Motivation: the consistent reason for a character’s actions.

130.            Portmanteau Word: the fusion of two meanings into a single word. Example= slithy (meaning lithe and slimy).

131.            Prompter: this is the person who reminds the actors or actresses of their forgotten lines through whisper. Also called the-actor-off-the-stage.

132.            Anachronism: the intentional displacement of time in a literary work.

133.            Anastrophe (hyperbaton): the use of inversion. Example= to thine own self be true

134.            Flies: space over the stage for storing things such as drop curtain, scenery, etc.

135.            Scenery: object for creating fictional setting on a stage.

136.            Wings: the spaces at the edge of stage where preparing performers stay before entering the stage.

137.            Crew: the totality of non acting members who supervise the activities.

138.            Pathetic Fallacy: attributing human feelings to inanimate or animals. Example= the sad trees screamed for freedom.

139.            Transfer Epithet: the use of wrong adjective to qualify something. Example= I rested on my emotional pillow (instead of, I emotionally rested on my pillow) .

140.            Meosis: the use of understatement. Example= Mr. Tunji lives in a matchbox.

141.            Aphorism: a sharp observation which accepted to be true. Example= a penny saved is a penny earned.

142.            Colloquialism: use of informal language such as slang in a work of literature.

143.            Frame Story: a story within a story. It’s a companion to the main story.

144.            Anthropomorphism: the projection of non-human like human. Example= a cat wearing a wristwatch.

145.            Zoomorphism: giving characteristics of animal to human.

146.            Motif: image, idea, sound, word that helps in explaining the theme.

147.            Assonance: the successive use of vowel sounds in a line of close proximity. Example= thou still unravished bride of quietness. (the repetition of “I” sound)

148.            Alliteration: the successive use of consonant sounds in a line of close proximity. Example= the furrow followed free.

149.            Bathos: the unintentional overuse of empathy which becomes ridicule.

150.            Bildungsroman: the novel for growth or information

151.            Parallelism: the presentation of two similar phrase or clause for the purpose of creating balance. Example= my country is in hardship; my countrymen are in poverty.

152.            Antithesis: the presentation of two opposite phrase or clause for the purpose of creating balance. Example= those that I guide, I do not love. Those that I fight I do not hate.

153.            Audition: the stage examination for the purpose of selecting actors for a certain play.

154.            Producer: the person in charge of the financing and organization of drama.

155.            Genre: the division of literature.

156.            Aphorism: a simple saying that is generally accepted truth.

157.            Exposition: introduction of actions that will lead to conflict

158.            Tragic hero: the protagonist in a tragic drama.

159.            Hero: the protagonist in a work of art.

160.            Heroine: the female protagonist in a work of art.

161.            Projection: this is the opposite of flashback.

162.            Metaphor: use of indirect comparison. Example= she is boiling with fury

163.            Simile: use of direct comparison. Example= she is furious like a boiling water

164.            Isocolon: the use of words with similar length. Example= we want, we ask, we get.

165.            Tautology: this is the overuse of words that has just a single meaning. Example= I have a twin brother. (Instead of I have a twin or I’m a twin).

166.            Oxymoron: placing two contrasting words side by side. Example= such sweet sorrow

167.            Juxtaposition: this is the comparison made between two ideas

168.            Mixed Metaphor: this is use of two metaphors that have the same meaning in a line or sentence

169.            Extended Metaphor: this is the use of two metaphors in a line or sentence.

170.            Synaesthesia: displacement of qualities. Example= the odious sun is no more.

171.            Dramatis Personae: the sum total of participants in a drama

172.            Atmosphere: psychological background of a literary work.

173.            Couplet: two successive rhyming lines in poem.

174.            Stanza: group of lines in poem.

175.            Verse: metered stanza

176.            Playwright: writer of drama or play

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