Sunday 26 June 2022
Friday 10 June 2022
Themes
Few of the themes are Colonial Oppression, Quest for Leadership Position, Betrayal and Greed, Gender Inequality.
1. Theme of Colonial Oppression: the theme of colonialism is the main motivation for the existence of the drama. The drama takes us back to the period where Africa still under the bondage of invaders. The drama portrayed the negative side of colonialism where the white masters in charge of affairs were wayward. Undermining Africa values and rulers, imposition of tax, unnecessary feudalism; are few examples of colonial oppression in the drama. King Gbanya was called a dog, he was flogged and fined to pay cattle's, where Queen Yoko (during her reign) was stripped of her landed possessions, while people of Mende Chiefdom pay taxes.
2. Theme of Leadership Quest: The pleasure attached to leadership is always glaring that it always attracts unhealthy rivalries. In the drama, Governor Rowe doest joke with his leadership position and never joked with anything that can undermine it. In order to reign as a queen, Yoko sacrificed her joy of motherhood. Lambio designed multiple evil plot in other to seat on the throne.
3. Theme of Inequality: this is evident both gender-wise and racial-wise. Gender inequality has turned to a cankerworm that has eaten deep into africa; as seen in the drama "Let Me Die Alone", the male characters are superior to the female. Ndapi beats his wife (Jilo) for delay in meal preparation, King Gbanya claims women including Yoko good for nothing than bedroom pleasure, other female characters in the drama were either dancers or mere maids. On the side of racial inequality, the actions of Rowe was crystal clear. Queen of England and Governor Samuel Rowe was superior to Africans and the African cultures.
4. Theme of Greed and Betrayal: Hardly can these be taken away from tragic drama. Greediness will lead to betrayal and betrayal will pave way for violence. Lambio was greedy by not been satisfied with the royal affiliation he enjoyed, he was hungry for the throne. In order to satisfy his greed, he betrayed Gbanya's trust and further betrayed his blood sister Queen Yoko. While Lambio remained the kingpin of atrocious act against leadership in Mende, he dragged Musa (the seer) into his partnership because Musa's secrets of evil deeds were in his fingertips.
5. Theme of Violence: characters such as Rowe, Yoko, Gbanya, Musa, Lamboi, Ndapi were violent. Rowe violent against the likes of Gbanya, Musa and Lamboi violent against the throne, Yoko violent against other chiefdoms in order to amass influence, Ndapi violent against his wife. Few evidence of violence in the drama are flogging, slapping, stabbing, murdering, etc.
READ ALSO: [3 Theme of Castle of Otranto by Horace Walpole]
Thursday 4 November 2021
November 04, 2021
samueldpoetry
Agricultural Science Keypoints, jamb, naijapoets analysis, NECO, online classroom, WAEC
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SECTION A: BASIC
CONCEPTS
1.0 WHAT IS AGRICULTURE? Agriculture can be defined as the art and science of
cultivating the soil, producing livestock, preparing livestock feeds,
processing crops and livestock products for man; and the process of selling
excess crops and livestock. OR Agriculture may also mean the production of
crops, rearing of animals and the general management of soil.
1.1 1MPORTANCE OF AGRICULTURE
(i) Provision of food
(ii) Provision of employment
(iii) Provision of income
(iv) Provision of raw materials for industries
(v) Provision of foreign exchange
(vi) Provision of shelter and clothing ‘. “
(vii) Rural development
(viii) Provision of market for industrial goods
(ix) Afforestation
(x) Provision of means of transportation
1.2 PROBLEMS OF AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT
(1) PROBLEM OF LAND TENURE: Land tenure is the way land is owned in a society
which often discourages agricultural land utilization leading to fragmentation
of land. Also increase in population and soil erosion affect the use of land.
SOLUTIONS:
(i)
Adoption of crop rotation
(ii) The
strict adherence to the Land Use Decree of 1978. .
(iii) The use of fertilizer
must be encouraged.
(2) PROBLEM OF BASIC AMENITIES: Basic amenities like electricity, cinema,
standard schools, good and
SOLUTIONS:
(i)
Excess products should be purchased by government.
(ii)
Government should provide storage facilities to farmers at subsidized rate
(iii)
Farmers should form cooperative societies to build storage and processing
facilities
(iv) Education
on usage
(v)
Provision of loans to farmers.
(7) LACK
OF GOOD AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION: Most of the farmers in the developing countries
are illiterate and cannot adopt new innovation in agriculture.
SOLUTION:
(i)
Employment of more extension agents
(ii)
Government must embark on anti-illiteracy campaign
(iii)
Non-governmental organizations should be involved in educating the farmers.
(8) POOR
EXTENSION ACTIVITIES: Extension workers are well-equipped for the dissemination
of recent information in agriculture. Also there is language barrier, and
inadequate vehicles.
SOLUTIONS:
(i)
Provision of more vehicles to extension workers to ease transportation problem
(ii)
Employment of more extension workers
(iii)
Farmers should be trained by the extension agents on recent agricultural
technology.
(9) POOR
TOOLS AND FARM MACHINES: Farmers still rely on crude tools like cutlass, hoe,
rake etc. which are time wasting, and bring low income and yield to farmers.
SOLUTIONS:
(i)
Government should purchase farm machines like tractor, plough, harrow for the
farmers to hire at subsidized rate
(ii)
Cooperative societies should procure machines for their members
(iii)
Local fabrication of farm machinery and equipment should be encouraged
(iv)
Establishment of tractor hiring units
(v)
Training of skilled manpower for maintenance
(vi)
Provision of loan to formers.
(10)
UNSTABLE POLICIES AND PROGRAMMES OF GOVERNMENT: Government comes with different
policies and programs which often tell on the farmers.
SOLUTION:
(i)
There should be continuity of government programs.
11. POOR
MARKETING SYSTEM: Due to lack of good roads, storage facilities, poor marketing
channels and nonfunctional food commodity boards, farmers find t very difficult
to control the price of their farm produce.
SOLUTIONS:
(i)
Establishment of good and functioning marketing channels to discourage
activities of middlemen
(ii)
Government should create enabling marketing environment for the farmers
(iii)
Farmers should form unions so as to control price
(iv)
Government should form functional food commodity boards
(v)
Government should buy excess produce from farmers.
12.
PROBLEM OF PESTS AND DISEASES: Diseases and pests reduce the quality and
quantity of farm produce, and farmers income. This discourages farmers from
further production.
SOLUTIONS:
(I)
Government should establish pests and diseases control units
(ii)
Government should supply chemicals and insecticides to farmers at subsidized
rates
13. UNPREDICTABLE
CLIMATE: This includes drought, excessive rainfall and sunshine which often
reduce farm activities, and lead to low yield or crop failure.
SOLUTION:
(i) Good
irrigation and drainage system should be practiced.
14.
INADEQUATE AGRICULTURAL INPUTS: The include chemicals, improved seeds,
seedlings, anima materials and fertilizers that are scarce and expensive.
SOLUTIONS:
(i)Availability
of fertilizers
(ii)
Provision of day old chicks and other starting stock
(iii)
Government should supply farm inputs at subsidized rates
(iv) Cooperative societies should procure
inputs, and supply to farmers at subsidized rate
(v)
Provision of feeds
(vi)
Provision of drugs and vaccines to livestock
(vii)
Provision of pesticide at subsidized rate.
15. SOCIOLOGICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL ATTITUDE TOWARDS FARMING: Farming is being regarded
as a profession for the dropouts or those who never do well in the society.
SOLUTION:
(i)
Government should make agriculture more attractive to young people by giving
them necessary inputs like land and materials for farming
(ii)
Mass literacy should be adopted.
16. SMUGGLING: This is illegal importation and exportation of food commodities
which often place money in the hands of few individuals.
SOLUTIONS:
(i)
Government should encourage production of some commodities like rice, maize
etc.
(ii)
Government should ban the importation of certain, food commodities.
17. ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION: This includes environmental pollution1 soil
erosion, flooding and deforestation which often affect crop and animal
production.
SOLUTIONS:
(i)
Erosion control should be embarked upon by the government
(ii)
Farmers must be trained on environmental management.
1.3 HISTORY OF AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT
Four stages are very pronounced. They are:
1. Hunting and Gathering
2. Subsistence Farming
3. Cash Crop Production
4. Commercial Farming
HUNTING AND GATHERING: The early man lived by hunting wild animals and
gathering wild fruits which was characterised by the use of primitive tools
like stones, bows and arrows, traps, clubs and ploughs.
SUBSISTENCE
FARMING: This is a system of farming whereby a fa?*iër cultivates crops and
rears animals in order to produce food for use by himself and his family only.
CHARACTERISTICS
OF SUBSISTENCE FARMING
1.
Labour is provided by the farmer and his family
2. Small
area is used
3. Crude
implements like cutlass, hoe etc. are used
4. The
produce from the farm are not for sale
5.
Little capital is required
6. The
yield is also very low
CASH
CROP PRODUCTION: This is advanced stage of. agricultural production in which
the farmer cultivates cash crops like cocoa, kola nut, rubber etc. for export.
COMMERCIAL
AGRICULTURE: This is production of cash crops and animals in large quantity.
CHARACTERISTiCS
OF COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE
1. It is
very expensive to practice
2. Large
area of farmland is required
3.
Requires the use of farm machines like cultivators, tractors etc.
4.
Labour is both manual and mechanical
5. Yield
or output is very high
6.
Marketing of products is specialized
7. 1t
involves a lot of research into the different aspects of production
8. It
requires good record keeping.
DIFFERENCES
BETWEEN COMMERCIAL AND SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE
Commercial
Agriculture
1. Large
scale farming is adopted.
2.
Mechanization is the major practice
3. Ideal
for mono-cropping, intensive animal production and fish farming.
4. Highly
capital intensive which can be got from the bank.
5.
Labour is highly specialized and expensive.
6.
Marketing of products is specialized
7.
Research into all aspect of agriculture is required
8.
Highly scientific with no superstitious beliefs.
9. Yields
and other returns are high, meant for everybody.
10
Processing of final products is common
11 It
requires good record keeping so as to make good decisions.
Subsistence
Agriculture
Small
scale farming is adopted Mechanization is not practiced.
Ideal for
mixed cropping. mixed farming, bush fallowing and shifting cultivation.
Low
capital requirements which can be provided by friends, money lenders and family
members. Labour is from friends, family members and cheap.
No
special marketing skills are required
No
search activity is required.
Highly
traditional and superstitious in nature. Yields are low, meant for family
members.
No
processing of any form is practiced.
No
record keeping is done and so no improvement is expected.
2.0 ROLE
OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN AGRICULTURE
Government
from time to time has been playing an important role ri order to supply food to
her citizens. The roles include:
(I)
Provision of loans and credits to farmers
(ii)
Provision of subsidies to farmers which are given by Government, cooperative
societies, multinational organizations and foreign agencies like Food and Agricultural
Organisation (FAQ), Agricultural
Development
Bank (ADB) etc.
(iii)Establishment
of Agricultural Programs like:
(a) Farm
settlement scheme
(b)
Operation Feed the Nation
(C)
Green Revolution (d) School to Land Program
(e)
National Directorate of Food, Road and Rural Infrastructure
(f)
River Basin Development Authorities
(g)
Agricultural Development Project
(h)
National Agricultural Insurance Scheme
(i) National
Agricultural Land Development Agency (NALDA).
(j)
National Accelerated Food Production
(k)
Agricultural Sector Rehabilitation Project
(I)
National Accelerated Industrial Crop Production Program. (NAICPP)
(iv)Provision
of storage and processing facilities
(v)
Provision of social amenities like water, electricity etc.
(vi)
Provision of good road
(vii)
Provision of quarantine services
(viii)Provision
of agricultural education and extension services
(ix) Provision
of agro service centers
(x
Creation of pest and disease control unit
(xi) Establishment
of research institutes
2.1
ROLES OF NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANISATIONS
The
non-governmental organizations perform several roles in agricultural
development. They enjoy government support and assist in producing crops, high
quality planting materials and good animal breeds; provide funds for agricultural
extension projects, improves farmers awareness, funding research etc.
Some of
these research centers are:
1. Cocoa
Research Institute of Nigeria (CRIN), Ibadan.
2.
Rubber Research Institute of Nigeria (RRIN), Benin City
3.
National Cereal Research Institute (NCRI), Badegi,
4.
Nigerian Institute for Oil Palm Research (NIFOR), Benin city.
5.
National Institute for Horticultural Research (NIHORT), Ibadan
6.
Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria (FRIN), Ibadan,
7.
National Institute for Oceanography and Marine Research (NIOMAR), Lagos.
8.
National Institute for Fisheries and Fresh Water Research (NIFFR), Kainji.
9.
National Root Crops Research Institute (NRCRI), Umudike Umuahia.
10.
Nigerian Stored Products Research Institute (NSPRI), lbadan
11.
National Veterinary Research Institute (N VRI), Ibadan.
12.
National Institute for Trypanosomiasis Research (NITR), Kaduna.
13.
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan.
14.
Leather Research Institute of Nigeria (LRIN), Zaria.
15. Lake
Chad Research Institute (LCRI), Maiduguri.
16. lnstitute
of Agricultural Research (IAR), Zaria.
17.
Institute of Agricultural Research and Training (IART), Ibadan.
Other
research Institutes around Africa are:
18. West
Africa Rice Development Agency (WARDA), Sierra Leone.
19.
Catholic Relief Services in Gambia.
20.
International Livestock Centre for Africa (ILCA)
21.
Intemational Crop Research Institute for Semi
Arid
Tropical (ICRISAT)
22. Adventist
Relief Agency in Gambia & Ghana.
23. Food
and Agricultural Organization (FAO)
24.
Hinger Project, and
25.
World Vision International in Ghana.
3.0
AGRICULTURAL LAWS AND REFORMS
This
area is concerned with the laws guiding the acquisition and utilization of
agricultural lands.
3.1 LAND
TENURE SYSTEMS IN WEST AFRICA
Land
tenure can be defined as t economic, legal, political arrangement regarding the
ownership and management of land and its resources, It can be broadly
classified into:
(1)
Communal/primitive ownership
(ii)
Inheritance
(iii)
Individual
(iv)
Leasehold
(v) Rent
(vi)
Gift
(vii).
Freehold
(viii)
Tenant at government will.
COMMUNAL
LAND TENURE: This s a system where land belongs to a community arid the head decides
the basis of sharing out land to every adult member.
Advantages
(1)
Every adult member has right to use the land.
(2) It’s
cheap
(3) It
is ideal for commercial farming
(4)
Cooperative farming can be practiced.
Disadvantages
(1)
Non-indigenes cannot acquire land
(2) Sale
of land not allowed
(3) It
cannot be used as collateral security to obtain loan
(4)
Unmarried women may not be allotted land
(5) Allotted
land can be revoked by a new leader
(6) It
leads to the fragmentation of land into small and scattered units.
INDIVIDUAL
LAND TENURE: This is a system of ownership where the land can be acquired by an
individual either male or female.
Advantages
(1) Male
and female can acquire any size of the land based on the financial resources
available
(2)
Permanent crops can be cultivated
(3) Land
can be used as collateral for loan
(4)
There is no discrimination in securing land
(5) The
owner has authority as to how the land is used.
Disadvantages
(1)Only
the rich may acquire land at certain areas
(2) Land
may be diverted to non-agricultural use
(3) Land
may be acquired in fragments.
INHERITANCE
TENURE SYSTEM: This is a system where a piece of land is transferred from one
generation to another generation.
Advantages
(1) This
is open to agricultural use
(2)
Permanent crops can be cultivated
(3) Land
can be used as collateral for loans
(4)
Children yet unborn are provided for
(5) The
land can be maintained by using fertilizer.
Disadvantages
(1) It
leads to land fragmentation
(2) The
size of land allotted may not be good for commercial farming
(3)
Sharing of land is a delicate issue that brings enmity among family members
(4) Sale
of land is not accepted in some families
(5)
Women are not often listed as beneficiaries during land allocation.
LEASEHOLD
TENURE SYSTEM: This is a contract existing between a person called the LEASOR
and another called LEASEE for the lease of the land for a specified period of years
which may be 25 years, 50 years or 99 years.
Advantages
(1) it
enables the farmer to have maximum use of land
(2) It
is available for permanent crop cultivation
(3)An
agreed sum of money is paid for the period of lease
Disadvantages
(1) The farmer
cannot develop the land beyond the lease agricultural terms
(2) Land
on lease cannot serve as collateral security for loan
(3)A
lease agreement of less than 50 years is not ideal for permanent crops.
GIFT
TENURE SYSTEM: This is a system in which a piece of land is given out by a
person voluntarily to another for the good work done by that person.
Advantages
(1) Land
on gift is irredeemable
(2)
Permanent crops and record keeping arc accepted
(3) Land
can be used as collateral security for loan
(4) It
ensures the maximum use of the land for increased production.
Disadvantages
(1) The
ownership of the land can be challenged at any time if given unwisely
(2) If
the land given by Government is not backed by proper documentation, it can be
retrieved
(3)
There may be disagreement over such gift among family member.
RENT
TENURE SYSTEM: This is a system whereby a tenant pays some amount for the
period of using the land to a stated landlord and is usually a short period of
time compared to leasehold system.
Advantages
(1)
Ideal for food production
(2)The
farmer makes maximum use of the land during rentage period.
Disadvantages
(1) It
affects long term planning
(2)
Development on the land is very slow
(3) The
land cannot be used as security for loan.
PURCHASE
OR FREEHOLD TENURE SYSTEM: This is a system whereby a person pays a certain sum
of money for land acquisition.
Advantages
(1) It
can be used for agricultural purpose
(2)
Perennial crops can be grown
(3)
There is a maximum use of land to increase production
(4) It
is open to both male and female to acquire land
(5) The
land can be used to source for loan.
Disadvantages
(1) Land
may be expensive
(2) Size
of fertile land may be too small
(3)
Prospective farmers may not have access to the agricultural land
(4)
Farmers may fall into the hands of fraudsters when negotiating for the land.
TENANTS
AT GOVERNMENT WILL: This system is where a piece of land is given out to
farmers by the government by paying a stipulated amount of money.
Advantages
(1)Poor
and rich farmers have access to the land
(2)The
land is widely used for production purposes
(3)The
land is cheap to acquire.
Disadvantages
(1)
Permanent crops cannot be grown
(2) It
cannot be used as collateral to secure loans
(3)
There are usually lots of bureaucracy in the allocation, regulation and control
over such land
(4) The
land can be revoked if the farmer fails to meet the term of agreement.
LAND USE
DECREE
The land
use decree was enacted by Gen. Olusegun Obasanjo (Rtd) on 28th March, 1978 but
was reversed under Land Use Act 1990. The Land Use Decree of 1978 vested land
ownership in the country on the Federal Government of Nigeria. The State
Governments were empowered to allocate land to individuals on behalf of the Federal
Government. For a person to claim ownership o land, such a person must obtain
certificate of occupancy which will guarantee the true ownership of such land.
Adult Nigerians of 21 years and above have a right to acquire land.
AIMS OF
THE LAND USE DECREE
(i) To
encourage efficient use of the land
(ii) To
create and re-allocate land opportunities for farmers
(iii) To
reduce the controversies over the use of land
(iv) To
manage all the land resources within the nation
(v) To
bring about proper planning of land uses
Advantages
of Land Use Decree
(1) It
has made land acquisition relatively easier for new entrants into agriculture
(2) It
has reduced the number and frequency of court cases over land ownership
(3) It
has facilitated borrowing of capital for further investment in agriculture
(4)
Availability of and provision for large land holdings encourages large scale
agriculture
(5) It
prevents fragmentation of land since land acquired under the decree cannot be
shared into bits
(6)
Reduction in boundary disputes since survey of acquired land is mandatory for
occupying rights to be granted.
Disadvantages
of Land Use Decree
(1) Cost
of land survey has escalated
(2) Land
acquisition process has become bureaucratic and often met with bottlenecks
(3) It
has encouraged dishonesty through illegal sale and back-dating of
ownership/title deeds after 1978
(4) Land
is not necessarily allocated to every potential agricultural developer
(5) Land
may be acquired by influential people for non-agricultural purposes
(6) The
state governor can abuse his power by revoking the certificate of occupancy
prematurely
(7) It
may delay the execution of projects as the governor might not sign the
certificate of occupancy on time.
REASONS
FOR GOVERNMENT TO ENFORCE THE LAND USE LEGISLATION
1.
Security of tenure: To safeguard farmers against unreasonable eviction.
2.
Ensuring proper land use: Action can be taken to ensure that agricultural land
is not unnecessarily diverted for non-agricultural purpose.
3.
Government projects: Large tracts of land for government sponsored development
of large scale farms or resettlement schemes.
4 Land improvements:
There is the need to carry out large scale improvement such as irrigation,
drainage, soil water conservation in order to ensure a reasonable standard of
efficient production for a long time, and such a requirement should be
obligatory irrespective of land tenure system.
5.
Influence on size of holdings: The need to prevent land fragmentation and
encourage consolidation of small holdings into large units
6.
Freedom of enterprise: To encourage freedom of farming in cases where there are
regulations or traditional views that militates against such freedom.
7.
Control of production: Government can insist on production of certain produce
and curtail the production of others through the control of land use
8. Land
litigation: Government intervention reduces the number of land litigation amongst
the citizens.
SECTION
B: AGRICULTURAL ECOLOGY
4.0 LAND
Land is
defined as the solid part of the earth cwst in which agricultural activities
can be practiced.
CHARACTERISTICS
OF LAND
(1) It is
a free gift of nature
(2) It
is limited in supply
(3) It
is immobile
(4) It
can appreciate and depreciate in value.
(5) It
is subject to the law of diminishing return
(6) The
reward for land is rent.
4.1 USES
OF LAND
Land has
two major uses:
(1)
Agricultural land
(2)
Non-agricultural land
Agricultural
Uses Of Land
1. For
production of food crops
2. For
forestry
3. For
wildlife and games reserve
4. For
fishery
5. For
livestock grazing
Non-Agricultural
Land Use
(i) For
construction of roads, bridges, railway lines, airport etc
(ii) For
social/recreational centres such as cinema houses, amusement parks, churches,
mosques, schools, hospitals, cemeteries, markets, stadia, etc.
(iii)
For building offices, residential houses, banks etc.
(iv) For
industrial building
(v) For
mining.
4.2
FACTORS AFFECTING LAND AVAILABILITY
(1) Land
tenure system
(2)
Population size
(3) The
size of useful land in a country
(4)
Climatic factors
(5)
Religious beliefs
(6) Soil
factors
(7)
Topography
(8)
Cultivation practices
(9)
Infrastructural demands on land
(10)
Government policy.
4.3
AGRO-ALLIED INDUSTRIES
|
Agricultural Raw Material |
Industries |
|
Conton |
Textile and pharmaceutical |
|
Coffee seed |
Vegetable oil, livestock feed mill |
|
Coffee seed |
Beverage and pharmaceutical |
|
Groundnut seed |
Soap, livestock feed mill,
vegetable oil |
|
Palm kernel
|
Vegetable oil, soap, livestock
feed oil |
|
Maize seed, rice, wheat &
sorghum |
Beverage, bakery/flour mill, livestock,
feed mill |
|
Tomatoes and pepper |
Food processing/canning |
|
Citrus and Banana |
Beverage |
|
Rubber latex |
Plastic, tyre, shoe manufacturing |
|
Coconut |
Beverage, soap |
|
Cocoa |
Beverage, food processing,
pomade/body cream |
|
Kolanut |
Beverage, pharmaceutical |
|
Timber |
Furniture, matches, stationery |
|
.Jute
|
Textile
and rope |
|
Sugarcane |
Food processing |
|
Cattle & its products |
Shoe, food processing,, dairy, livestock
feed mill |
|
Fowls |
Fertilizer, food processing |
|
Sheep
|
Textile, shoe, food processing |
|
Goat |
Shoe, livestock feed mill, dairy |
|
|
|
armaceutical
Furniture, matches, stationery Textile and rope Food processing Shoe, food
processing,, dairy, livestock feed mill
4.4
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AGRICULTURE AND INDUSTRY
1.
Agriculture provides food for industrial workers.
2. Industries produce machinery and equipment for agricultural use.
3.
Agriculture can provide market for industrial products.
4.
Agriculture and industry compete for labour
5. Rise
in agriculture bring about good development in agricultural sector.
6.
Agriculture provides raw materials for industries.
7.
Industries provide a large range of products for the farmer to buy.
8.
Industries produce agro-chemical for agricultural use.
9.
Industries provide storage facilities for agricultural produce.
10.
Agriculture allows a shift of factors of production to industries.
5.0
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AFFECTING
AGRICULTURAL
PRODUCTION
Environmental
factors affecting agricultural production are:
(a)
Climatic factors (b) Biotic factors (C) Edaphic factors.
Climatic
Factors: The following are climatic factors that
affect
agricultural production.
(i)
Temperature (ii) Sunlight (iii) Wind (iv) Rainfall
(v)
Relative humidity (vi) Cloud cover.
Biotic
Factors: These are living things and include (i) Parasites (ii) Soil
micro-organisms (ñi) Weeds (iv) Pests and diseases (v) Competition (vi)
Predation (vii) Symbiosis.
Edaphic
Factors: These are soil factors and the major factors are: (i) Soil pH (ii)
Soil texture (iii) Soil structure (iv) Topography (v) Soil fertility/organic
matter (vi) Soil type.
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